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1 milligram [mg] = 1000 microgram [mcg]

Initial value

Converted value

kilogram gram exagram petagram teragram gigagram megagram hectogram decagram decigram centigram milligram microgram nanogram picogram femtogram attogram dalton, atomic mass unit kilogram-force sq. sec/meter kilopound kilopound (kip) slug lbf sq. sec/ft pound troy pound ounce troy ounce metric ounce short ton long (imperial) ton assay ton (US) assay ton (UK) ton (metric) kiloton (metric) centner (metric) centner US centner British quarter (US) quarter (UK) stone (US) stone (UK) ton pennyweight scruple karat gran gamma talent (O.Israel) mina (O.Israel) shekel (O.Israel) bekan (O.Israel) hera (O.Israel) talent (Ancient Greece) mina (Ancient Greece) tetradrachm (Ancient Greece) didrachma (Ancient Greece) drachma (Ancient Greece) denarius (Ancient Rome) ass (Ancient Rome) codrant (Ancient Rome) lepton ( Rome) Planck mass atomic mass unit electron rest mass muon rest mass proton mass neutron mass deuteron mass Earth mass Sun mass Berkovets pud Pound lot spool share quintal livre

More about mass

General information

Mass is the property of physical bodies to resist acceleration. Mass, unlike weight, does not change depending on the environment and does not depend on the gravitational force of the planet on which this body is located. mass m determined using Newton's second law, according to the formula: F = ma, where F is power, and a- acceleration.

Mass and weight

In everyday life, the word "weight" is often used when talking about mass. In physics, weight, unlike mass, is a force acting on a body due to the attraction between bodies and planets. Weight can also be calculated using Newton's second law: P= mg, where m is the mass, and g- acceleration of gravity. This acceleration occurs due to the force of attraction of the planet near which the body is located, and its magnitude also depends on this force. Acceleration of free fall on the Earth is equal to 9.80665 meters per second, and on the Moon - about six times less - 1.63 meters per second. Thus, a body weighing one kilogram weighs 9.8 Newtons on Earth and 1.63 Newtons on the Moon.

gravitational mass

The gravitational mass shows what gravitational force acts on the body (passive mass) and with what gravitational force the body acts on other bodies (active mass). With an increase active gravitational mass body, its force of attraction also increases. It is this force that controls the movement and arrangement of stars, planets and other astronomical objects in the universe. The tides are also caused by the gravitational forces of the Earth and the Moon.

With the increase passive gravitational mass the force with which the gravitational fields of other bodies act on this body also increases.

inertial mass

Inertial mass is the property of a body to resist motion. It is precisely because the body has mass that a certain force must be applied to move the body from its place or change the direction or speed of its movement. The larger the inertial mass, the greater the force required to do this. The mass in Newton's second law is precisely the inertial mass. The gravitational and inertial masses are equal in magnitude.

Mass and relativity

According to the theory of relativity, the gravitating mass changes the curvature of the space-time continuum. The larger such a mass of a body, the stronger this curvature around this body, therefore, near bodies of large mass, such as stars, the trajectory of light rays is curved. this effect in astronomy is called gravitational lenses. On the contrary, far from large astronomical objects (massive stars or their clusters, called galaxies), the movement of light rays is rectilinear.

The main postulate of the theory of relativity is the postulate of the finiteness of the speed of light propagation. Several interesting implications follow from this. First, one can imagine the existence of objects with such a large mass that the second cosmic velocity of such a body will be equal to the speed of light, i.e. no information from this object will be able to get to the outside world. Such space objects in the general theory of relativity are called "black holes" and their existence has been experimentally proven by scientists. Secondly, when an object moves at a near-light speed, its inertial mass increases so much that the local time inside the object slows down compared to time. measured by stationary clocks on Earth. This paradox is known as the “twin paradox”: one of them goes on a space flight at near-light speed, the other remains on Earth. Upon returning from a flight twenty years later, it turns out that the twin astronaut is biologically younger than his brother!

Units

Kilogram

In the SI system, mass is measured in kilograms. The kilogram is determined based on the exact numerical value of Planck's constant h, equal to 6.62607015 × 10⁻³⁴, expressed in J s, which is equal to kg m² s⁻¹, and the second and meter are determined by exact values c and Δ ν Cs. The mass of one liter of water can be approximately considered equal to one kilogram. The derivatives of the kilogram, gram (1/1000 of a kilogram), and ton (1000 kilograms) are not SI units, but are widely used.

Electron-volt

An electron volt is a unit for measuring energy. Usually it is used in the theory of relativity, and the energy is calculated by the formula E=mc², where E is the energy m- weight, and c is the speed of light. According to the principle of equivalence of mass and energy, the electron volt is also a unit of mass in the system of natural units, where c equals one, which means that mass equals energy. Basically, electronvolts are used in nuclear and atomic physics.

Atomic mass unit

Atomic mass unit ( a. eat.) is for the masses of molecules, atoms, and other particles. One a. e.m. is equal to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon nuclide atom, ¹²C. This is approximately 1.66 × 10 ⁻²⁷ kilograms.

Slug

Slugs are used primarily in the British imperial system of measurement in the UK and some other countries. One slug is equal to the mass of a body that is moving at an acceleration of one foot per second per second when a force of one pound force is applied to it. This is approximately 14.59 kilograms.

solar mass

Solar mass is a measure of mass used in astronomy to measure stars, planets and galaxies. One solar mass is equal to the mass of the Sun, that is, 2 × 10³⁰ kilograms. The mass of the Earth is about 333,000 times less.

Carat

Carats measure the mass of precious stones and metals in jewelry. One carat is equal to 200 milligrams. The name and the value itself are associated with the seeds of the carob tree (in English: carob, pronounced carob). One carat used to be equal to the weight of a seed of this tree, and buyers carried their seeds with them to check if they were being deceived by sellers of precious metals and stones. The weight of a gold coin in ancient Rome was equal to 24 carob seeds, and therefore carats began to be used to indicate the amount of gold in the alloy. 24 carats is pure gold, 12 carats is half gold alloy, and so on.

Gran

The gran was used as a measure of weight in many countries before the Renaissance. It was based on the weight of grains, mainly barley, and other crops popular at the time. One grain is equal to about 65 milligrams. It's a little over a quarter carat. Until carats became widespread, grains were used in jewelry. This measure of weight is used to this day to measure the mass of gunpowder, bullets, arrows, as well as gold foil in dentistry.

Other units of mass

In countries where the metric system is not accepted, British imperial system mass measures are used. For example, in the UK, USA and Canada, pounds, stone and ounce are widely used. One pound is equal to 453.6 grams. Stones are mainly used only to measure the mass of a person's body. One stone is approximately 6.35 kilograms or exactly 14 pounds. Ounces are mostly used in cooking recipes, especially for foods in small portions. One ounce is 1/16 of a pound, or approximately 28.35 grams. In Canada, which formally converted to the metric system in the 1970s, many products are sold in rounded imperial units, such as one pound or 14 fl oz, but are labeled by weight or volume in metric units. In English, such a system is called "soft metric" (eng. soft metric), in contrast to the "hard metric" system (eng. hard metric), which indicates the rounded weight in metric units on the packaging. This image shows "soft metric" food packages showing weight in metric units only and volume in both metric and imperial units.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Folic acid (vitamin B 9) ensures the necessary growth and development of the unborn child, especially in early pregnancy. Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy significantly increases the risk of congenital malformations in the fetus, in particular neural tube defects (for example, cleft vertebral arch), hydrocephalus, anencephaly, as well as malnutrition and prematurity.

Who is deficient in folic acid?

Folic acid deficiency is present in every second woman. Their proportion is even higher among women taking hormonal drugs and alcohol.

Folic acid before pregnancy: when is B9 most needed?

The body of a pregnant woman needs folic acid most of all in the first month after conception, that is, up to 2 weeks of delay, since the neural tube forms on the 16-28th day after conception, when the expectant mother sometimes does not even suspect that she is pregnant.

How to prevent folic acid deficiency during pregnancy?

Even before conception (three to six months before it), as well as throughout pregnancy, a woman should take at least 800 mcg (0.8 mg) of folic acid daily to prevent developmental disorders in the embryo.

Who needs to take folic acid?

Folic acid is prescribed to all pregnant women, regardless of the nature of their diet. If a woman has already had a child with such a defect in the past or there have been cases of similar diseases in the family, the dosage of the vitamin should be increased to 4 mg per day. Malformations such as cleft lip and cleft palate can also be the result of vitamin B 9 deficiency in pregnant women.

Is there too much folic acid?

If the accepted dose significantly exceeds the daily requirement for folic acid, then the kidneys begin to excrete it in an unchanged state. 5 mg of folic acid taken orally is excreted from the body after 5 hours.

How much folic acid to drink during pregnancy? The norm of folic acid when planning pregnancy

The limitation of the prophylactic dose of folic acid to 400 mcg outside of pregnancy and 800 mcg before and during it is due to the fact that in patients with vitamin B 12 deficiency (this is a completely different vitamin!) Excess folic acid can cause irreversible damage to the nervous system, since the use of folic acid in high doses (5 mg / day) prevents the diagnosis of pernicious anemia (i.e. vitamin B 12 deficiency) due to the fact that folic acid can reduce the neurological manifestations of this condition. Thus, folic acid is not the cause of pernicious anemia, but interferes with the timely diagnosis.

What dose of folic acid to take before and during pregnancy?

Not less than 0.8 mg - this dose is not questioned in any country in the world. Moreover, modern studies indicate an increase in the preventive effect of congenital malformations when taking large doses of folic acid - 3-4 mg per day. It is this dose of folic acid that should be drunk by pregnant women who do not have the risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency, that is, those who also take "pregnant" multivitamins. So, we look at how much folic acid is in your multivitamins and we achieve a dose of 3-4 mg, evenly distributing the intake of folic acid at the same time as eating during the day.

How much is it in tablets?

Usually folic acid is sold in a dosage of 1 mg = 1000 micrograms. That is, the minimum dose is 800 mcg - a little less than one tablet. But, given that many doctors recommend taking 3-4 mg when planning, it’s definitely not worth breaking off a small piece :)

Should men take folic acid?

Since folic acid plays a huge role in cell development, folic acid deficiency in men can reduce healthy sperm count. Therefore, a few months before conception (at least three), a man should start taking folic acid at a dose of not less than prophylactic - 0.4 mg.

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From arithmetic we know that 1 g is a multiple of 1 kg, that is, a thousandth of a kilogram. And when you need to find out how many grams are in a kilogram, we multiply the figure denoting kilograms by a thousand and get:
1 kg x 1000=1000 g, or 1 kg=103 g.

So, a milligram is also a thousandth of a value, which is called a gram.

And similarly, the problem is solved when you need to find out how many milligrams are in it.
We attribute three zeros to the number that indicates the amount of g.

1 g x 1000=1000 mg, or 1g=103 mg. Here is such a simple answer to the question - how many mg are in 1 gram.

Putting knowledge into practice

Life constantly confronts us with a situation where we have to solve such arithmetic problems. Most often, this occurs when taking medications.

For example, if the instructions for use say that more than 0.2 g of the drug should not be consumed per day, and the weight of 25 mg is indicated on the tablets in the blister, then you need to find out how many tablets you can use.

Solution algorithm: 0.2 g x1000 = 200 mg, 200 mg: 25 mg = 8 tablets.

But the reverse conversion from milligrams to grams is also common, especially when cooking or for chemical solutions for household purposes.

We remember that if 1 g = 103 mg, then 1 mg = 10-3 g or 1 mg = 0.001 g.
Suppose, according to the recipe, we need to add 300 mg of granulated sugar and 800 mg of salt somewhere, and our scales measure only g.

International unit (IU)- in pharmacology, it is a unit of measurement of the amount of a substance, based on biological activity. Used for vitamins, hormones, certain drugs, vaccines, blood constituents and similar biologically active substances.

How many milligrams in a gram?

Despite the name, the IU is not part of the international SI measurement system.

The exact definition of one IU varies for different substances and is established by international agreement. The Committee for Biological Standards at the World Health Organization provides reference blanks for certain substances, (arbitrarily) sets the number of IUs they contain, and defines biological procedures for comparing other blanks with reference blanks. The aim of such procedures is that different preforms having the same biological activity contain an equal number of IUs.

For some substances, over time, mass equivalents of one IU were established, and measurement in these units was officially abandoned. However, the IU unit may still remain in wide use due to convenience. For example, vitamin E exists in eight different forms that differ in their biological activity. Instead of specifying the exact type and weight of the vitamin in the preparation, it is sometimes convenient to simply indicate its amount in IU.

Wikipedia

International unit (IU)— internationally agreed standards needed to compare the levels of different biological compounds tested on the basis of their potency.

If purification by chemical methods is not possible, the substance is analyzed by biological methods, and a stable standard solution is used for comparison. Serum standards are held at the State Serum Institute (Copenhagen, Denmark), at the National Institute for Medical Research (Mill Hill, UK) and at the World Health Organization (WHO) (Geneva, Switzerland).

international unit set as a specified amount of standard solution (for example, one IU of tetanus antitoxin = 0.1547 mg of standard solution, which is stored in Copenhagen).

Pharmacology And Pharmacotherapeutics (New Revised 21st Ed.)

5 milligrams is how much?

What is the difference between 5 mg and 5 ml?

People quite often confuse two completely different concepts: a milliliter and a milligram. Some people think they are one and the same. So let's figure it out.

First, you need to determine which dosage form before us.

Solids are dosed by weight (weighed out), while liquids are dosed by volume (measured).

In the first case, the unit of measure is gram\milligram\microgram, and in the second case it is liter\milliliter.

Dosing by weight

Weight designations :

1.0 - 1 g (gram)

0.001 - 1 mg (milligram)

0.000001 - 1 μg (microgram)

Measuring weights, weights, scales (according to the principle of weighing, there are: spring, lever, manual, platter and others).

Measuring tools for the consumer: the measure of measurement in this case will be the dosage of the drug prescribed by the doctor. We discussed dosages in more detail in article.

Dosing by volume

Volume designations:

1 ml - 1 milliliter

1 l - 1 liter

Measuringmanufacturer tools: volumetric and pharmacy pipettes, volumetric flasks, cylinders, beakers, burettes.

Measuring tools for the consumer: caps, pipettes, syringes, cups, measuring spoons.

Fix:

What does the sign say 1,0 ?

Answer: This is the mass of a substance weighing in 1 gram.

Clarification: If we are talking about the volume of the dosage form, then next to it will be the designation - ml, that is 1.0 ml(or simply 1 ml).

How to calculate the required number of drops?

The non-standard unit of volume is a drop.

How many milligrams are in 1 gram?

This is an inaccurate indicator for calculations, because the volume of a drop depends on the physical properties of the dispensed liquid.

For comparison: the volume of 1 drop of an alcohol solution is on average 0.02 ml, and for an aqueous solution it can vary from 0.03 to 0.05 ml.

Pharmacists and doctors have decided to jointly designate a standard measure for this unit of measure. It is generally accepted that the volume of 1 drop is 0.05 ml.

When the dosage of the medicinal product in drops is prescribed, it is understood that the volume of one drop is 0.05 ml. If you have a 1 ml medical syringe at home, then you can easily determine the required amount of medicine: 2 drops - 0.1 ml, 3 drops - 0.15 ml, 5 drops - 0.25 ml.

spoons are also an inaccurate measuring device for determining the volume of the dosage form. For them, the conventions of volume are also accepted.

Memo when dosing liquid dosage forms:

1 cap. (drop) = 0.05 ml

2 cap. \u003d 0.1 ml (we measure with a syringe, 1 ml in volume)

20 cap. (with a pipette) = 1 ml

1 tsp (teaspoon) = 5 ml

1 dl (dessert or children's spoon) = 10 ml

1 tbsp (tablespoon) = 15 ml

1 st. (glass) = 200 ml on average (glasses come in different capacities: from 110 to 320 ml)

In one of the following issues, you will learn how to determine the content of the active substance in the dosage form, and how to calculate single / daily doses of the drug.

Be healthy! Heal Consciously!

#CarefulPharmacist

How many milligrams are in one gram?

Well, if you remember, but there are people who have forgotten this information. Let's not blame them - a person is not able to store in his head all the data that he once received. And here's the answer to the question.

A milligram is a unit of mass in the international SI system of units. A milligram is one thousandth of a gram (or one millionth of a kilogram). It turns out that 1 g of the substance contains 1000 mg. 1 milligram, in turn, contains 0.001 g of the substance.

Easy to remember?

Quite. However, in practice we often meet with cases that often lead us into a stupor. A simple example: you need to take a pill. The packaging says that the weight of each tablet is 0.25 g, while you need to take 750 mg. Since we already know that one gram contains a thousand milligrams, we simply translate the values. So, 0.25 g is 250 mg. Divide the prescribed 750 mg by 250 mg and get the number 3. Three - that's how many pills you need to take.

Of course, you can transfer everything back. 750 mg is 0.75 g. The tablet weighs 0.25 g. Divide 0.75 g by 0.25 g and get the same figure - 3. As you can see, everything is quite easy and simple, but if you have any questions on this topic, you can ask them to us using the comments section.

When working with small quantities of a substance, the unit of mass used is often the milligram (mg). A milligram is a thousandth of a gram. that is, one gram contains one thousand milligrams. In order to convert grams to milligrams, you don’t even need a calculator - quite elementary knowledge in arithmetic.

Instruction

1. In order to convert grams to milligrams, multiply the number of grams by 1000. That is, use the further primitive formula: Kmg = Kg * 1000, where Kmg is the number of milligrams, Kg is the number of grams. So, let's say, the mass of one tablet of activated carbon is 0.25 grams. Consequently, its mass, expressed in milligrams, will be: 0.25 * 1000 = 250 (mg).

2. If the number of grams is an integer, then to convert grams to milligrams, primitively add three zeros to it on the right. Let's say one tablet of ascorbic acid with glucose weighs 1 gram. So, its mass in milligrams will be: 1,000.

3. If the number of grams is expressed as a decimal fraction, move the decimal point three digits to the right. Let's say the table of contents of glucose in one tablet of ascorbic acid with glucose is 0.887 grams. Consequently, in milligrams, the mass of glucose will be 887 mg.

4. If there are less than 3 digits later than the comma, complete the missing signs with zeros. So, let's say, the table of contents of ascorbic acid in one tablet of ascorbic acid with glucose is 0.1 gram. In milligrams, this will be - 100 mg (according to the rule, it turns out 0100 mg, but the leading zeros on the left are discarded)..

5. If all the initial data are given in grams, and the result must be presented in milligrams, then carry out all intermediate calculations in grams, and translate milligrams only the result of the calculations. So, let's say, one tablet of allochol contains: - dry bile - 0.08 g, - dried garlic - 0.04 g, - nettle leaves - 0.005 g, - activated carbon - 0.025 g. In order to calculate: how many milligrams of energetic substances are contained in one tablet of allochol, add up the masses of all components, expressed in grams, and translate the total into milligrams: 0.08 + 0.04 + 0.005 + 0.025 = 0.15 (g). 0.15 * 1000 = 150 (mg).

Gram is a unit of mass measurement belonging to the system of metric measures. Gram is one of the main units of the system of unconditional measures of the CGS (centimeter, gram, second) - widely used before the adoption of the international system of measurement (SI). Denoted as g or g.

How many milligrams are in one milliliter

Multiple unit of mass kilogram is one of the basic SI units, denoted by kg or kg.

Instruction

1. Gram is equal to the mass of one cubic centimeter of water at the temperature of its maximum density (4°C). As a measure of body weight, the gram is a derived unit in the metric system. It is one thousandth of a rod unit of mass - kilogram a. The kilogram was defined (with an accuracy of 0.2%) as the mass of one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter) of water at its highest density temperature. At the current time to determine the mass kilogram and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris keeps the standard kilogram a - a cylinder about 39 mm high, made from a platinum-iridium alloy in 1889.

2. Gram equal to one thousandth kilogram and (1 g \u003d 0.001 kg), therefore, to translate the known body weight, which is given in grams, you need to multiply it by 1000.

Related videos

Note!
The conversion of grams to milligrams is mainly used in calculations related to the preparation of drugs and their dosage. When calculating, be very careful - an oversight of each by one decimal place will lead to a tenfold error.

Measures of the volume of liquids

1 teaspoon = 5 ml.

1 dessert spoon = 2 teaspoons = 10 ml.

1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons = 15 ml.

Example: 1

Composition - 15 mg / 5 ml. (indicated on the package or in the instructions) This means that 1 teaspoon contains 15 mg. medicinal product.

If you are prescribed a single dose of 15 mg, then you should take 1 teaspoon of syrup at a time.

If you are prescribed a single dose of 30 mg, then you should take 2 teaspoons of syrup at a time.

Example: 2

The bottle contains 80 mg / 160 ml, where 80 mg is the active ingredient. In this case, the drug is recommended to take 1 teaspoon 2 times a day.

We calculate the dose in 1 ml: for this, the dose of the substance in the entire volume must be divided by the entire volume of the liquid:

80 mg divided by 160 ml = 0.5 mg in 1 ml.

Since a teaspoon holds 5 ml, we multiply the result by 5. That is: 0.5 mg X 5 \u003d 2.5 mg.

Therefore, 1 teaspoon (single dose) contains 2.5 mg. active substance.

Example: 3

The instructions indicate that 60 ml of the finished solution contains 3000 mg of the active substance.

And 60 ml is 12 teaspoons of 5 ml.

And now we are doing the calculations: the indicated dose of the substance is 3000 mg. divided by 12. That is: 3000 mg / 12 = 250 mg.

So 1 teaspoon of the finished solution is 250 mg.

Example: 4

100 mg. the active substance is contained in 5 ml.

In 1 ml. contains: 100 divided by 5 = 20 mg. active substance.

You need 150 mg.

We divide 150 mg by 20 mg - we get 7.5 ml.

DROPS

1 ml aqueous solution - 20 drops

1 ml alcohol solution - 40 drops

1 ml alcohol-ether solution - 60 drops

STANDARD DILUTION OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION

1 mg = 1000 mcg;

1 mcg = 1/1000 mg;

1000 mg = 1 g;

500 mg = 0.5 g;

100 mg = 0.1 g;

1% corresponds to 10 g/l and 10 mg/ml;

2% 20 g/l or 20 mg/ml;

1:1000 = 1 g/1000 ml = 1 mg/ml;

1:10,000 = 1 g/10,000 ml = 0.1 mg/ml or 100 µg/ml;

1:1,000,000 = 1 g/1,000,000 ml = 1 µg/ml

If the solvent is not provided in the package, then when diluting the antibiotic by 0.1 g (100,000 IU) of the powder, take 0.5 ml. solution.

So for breeding:

0.2 g. 1 ml is needed. solvent;

0.5 g. You need 2.5-3 ml. solvent;

1 g needs 5 ml. solvent;

Example: 1

In the vial of ampicillin is 0.5 g of dry drug. How much solvent should be taken to make 0.5 ml. the solution was 0.1 g of dry matter.

When diluting the antibiotic for 0.1 g of dry powder, take 0.5 ml. solvent, therefore:

0.1 g of dry matter - 0.5 ml. solvent

0.5 g of dry matter - X ml. solvent

Answer: to 0.5 ml. the solution was 0.1 g of dry matter, 2.5 ml should be taken. solvent.

Example: 2

In a vial of penicillin is 1,000,000 IU of a dry drug. How much solvent should be taken to make 0.5 ml. solution was 100,000 units of dry matter.

100,000 units of dry matter - 0.5 ml. dry matter

1 000 000 IU - X ml. solvent

Answer: so that in 0.5 ml of the solution there are 100,000 units. dry matter, you need to take 5 ml. solvent.

Example: 3

In the vial of oxacillin is 0.25 g of dry drug. How much solvent do you need to take in order to 1 ml. the solution was 0.1 g of dry matter.

1 ml solution - 0.1 g.

X ml. - 0.25 g.

Answer: so that in 1 ml. the solution was 0.1 g of dry matter, 2.5 ml should be taken. solvent.

Example: 4

The patient needs to enter 400,000 IU. penicillin. A bottle of 1,000,000 units. Dilute 1:1.

How many ml. solution must be taken.

When diluted 1:1 in 1 ml. solution contains 100,000 IU. 1 bottle of penicillin 1,000,000 IU. dilute 10 ml. solution.

If the patient needs to enter 400,000 units, then 4 ml must be taken. the resulting solution.

Attention! Before using medications, you should consult your doctor. The information is provided for informational purposes only.

This is not the first time I have come across a situation in which young peptide researchers are wondering about the dosage of this or that substance. There are a lot of opinions, a large number of all kinds of calculators and a lot of hypotheses like "I swear on my mother." But, as it turns out in fact, all this (swamp) does not stand up to criticism, both from the point of view of practical and economical application, and from the point of view of elementary mathematics. For the "usefulness" of individual hypotheses, I generally keep quiet.
So, let's figure it out.
The most important rule is that the amount of the active substance does not depend on the amount of liquid in which this substance will be dissolved. This can be illustrated with a simple example. Imagine a glass of flour and a glass of water. If you mix them, you get a rather thick and sticky "solution". If you continue to add water, the solution will become less and less thick. And, finally, if we mix 3 liters of water with a glass of flour, we get almost the same water, which does not have the density, density and “stickiness” that we observed when mixing one to one. Has the amount of flour changed? No (those who answered "yes" must reread the previous sentences 20 more times)! Making a “solution” both on 1 glass of water and on 3 liters of water, we poured the same amount of flour - one glass.
Now let's transfer our overworked brain to reality and imagine an ordinary vial with five milligrams of a substance. By diluting these 5 mg of a substance, for example, with 1 ml of liquid, we will get a solution in which there will be all the same 5 mg of a substance. By diluting these 5 mg of the substance with 2 ml of liquid, we also get a solution in which there will be 5 mg of the substance. What has changed (after all, the overworked brain still understands that something is not right here)? Concentration. The concentration of the active substance has changed. In 1 ml of liquid, the concentration of the substance will be higher than in 2 ml.
Move on. How many micrograms in 1 milligram? Who thought 1000 - well done. Why do we need it? in order to calculate the dosage. We know that the standard for calculating peptides for research is "1 μg of a substance equals 1 kg of body weight." But µg is a unit of measurement of a dry (not liquid) substance, and it is possible to conduct research only with a liquid solution, which is drawn up with an insulin syringe for 100 units. How to convert these dry micrograms into liquid insulin units? Here, to solve this rebus, they use a liquid in which these dry micrograms are dissolved.
We remember that you can pour as much liquid as you like into the bottle, and the concentration changes. So, if we pour 1 ml of liquid into a bottle with 5 mg of a substance, we will get a 1 ml solution in which there are 5000 micrograms of a substance. Now look at the insulin syringe. There, 100 units are divided into 50 divisions and all this economy is equal to 1 ml of liquid. We recall the standard 1kg = 1mcg and understand that if we draw all 100 units (1 ml) of a liquid solution into the insulin syringe, we will get the ratio 5000mcg = 5000kg. This is a little more than we need. And we need, for example, 100 mcg. Therefore, we need to dial with a syringe 50 times less. Those. we take out calculators and divide our 100 units (50 divisions) by 50. We get 2 units (1 division). In total, with a solution for 1 ml of liquid, 100 mcg is 2 units (1 division) of an insulin syringe per 100 units.
If it is convenient for someone to conduct research with such proportions, they may not read further. But, and if you do not have the skills of shoeing fleas and dealing with such small volumes is not for you, then you will have to read further.
As you might guess, the solution to the problem of a more or less correct calculation and, at the same time, an increase in visibility in order to facilitate research, is to increase the volume of the solution without increasing the amount of the active substance. We recall: "the greater the amount of liquid, the lower the concentration of the active substance." And thus add another 1 ml to the already “poured” 1 ml of liquid. We get a 2-milliliter solution of 5000 μg of the substance. When translating this into units and dividing the insulin syringe by 100 units, we just need to multiply everything by 2. Thus, for 100 kg we will get 4 units (2 divisions) of the solution.
Based on these serious mathematical calculations, we can calculate that in a solution with 2 ml of liquid and 5 mg of a substance (each unit contains 25 μg of the peptide, each division contains 50 μg of the peptide) we get:
3 units correspond to 1.5 (approximately 2) divisions correspond to 80 kg
4 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 90 kg
4 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 100 kg
4 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 110 kg
5 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 120 kg
5 units correspond to 3 divisions correspond to 130 kg
6 units correspond to 3 divisions correspond to 140 kg
6 units correspond to 3 divisions correspond to 150 kg
As we can see, 2 divisions correspond to weight in the range from 80 to 120 kg. And this is not a mistake. The fact is that even with a solution of 2 ml of liquid, it is rather difficult to measure the exact dosages with an insulin syringe for 100 units, therefore, in these small 2 divisions, a range of 40 kg is enclosed.
Let's try to deal with a bottle in which there are 2 mg of a substance and, accordingly, a solution for 2 ml of liquid (each unit contains 10 μg of the peptide, each division contains 20 μg of the peptide). We get the following data:
4 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 40 kg
(but this is generally not enough, so let's go straight to the equivalent of 80 kg)
8 units correspond to 4 divisions correspond to 80 kg
9 units correspond to 5 units correspond to 90 kg
10 units correspond to 5 divisions correspond to 100 kg
11 units correspond to 6 divisions correspond to 110 kg
12 units correspond to 6 divisions correspond to 120 kg
13 units correspond to 7 divisions correspond to 130 kg
14 units correspond to 7 divisions correspond to 140 kg
15 units correspond to 8 divisions correspond to 150 kg
It makes no sense to continue calculations with 10 mg of the substance and 2 ml of the solution, since the substances contained in such an amount in one vial are used in studies based on other μg / kg ratios.
For researchers who use more than 2 ml of water in their “experiments” (for example, 2.5 or 3), the proportions will look like this:
For 2.5 ml of water and 5 mg of peptide (each unit contains 20 µg of peptide, each division contains 40 µg of peptide):
3 units correspond to 1 division correspond to 50 kg
3 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 60 kg
4 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 70 kg
4 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 80 kg
5 units correspond to 2 (2.5) divisions correspond to 90 kg
5 units correspond to 3 divisions correspond to 100 kg
6 units correspond to 3 divisions correspond to 110 kg
6 units correspond to 3 divisions correspond to 120 kg
7 units correspond to 3 units correspond to 130 kg
7 units correspond to 4 divisions correspond to 140 kg
8 units correspond to 4 divisions correspond to 150 kg
For 2.5 ml of water and 2 mg of peptide (each unit contains 8 µg of peptide, each division contains 16 µg of peptide):
6 units correspond to 3 divisions correspond to 50 kg
8 units correspond to 4 divisions correspond to 60 kg
9 units correspond to 4 divisions correspond to 70 kg
10 units correspond to 5 divisions correspond to 80 kg
11 units correspond to 6 units correspond to 90 kg
13 units correspond to 6 divisions correspond to 100 kg
14 units correspond to 7 divisions correspond to 110 kg
15 units correspond to 8 divisions correspond to 120 kg
16 units correspond to 8 divisions correspond to 130 kg
18 units correspond to 9 divisions correspond to 140 kg
19 units correspond to 9 divisions correspond to 150 kg
For 3 ml of water and 5 mg of peptide (each unit contains 17 µg of peptide, each division contains 33 µg of peptide):
3 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 50 kg
4 units correspond to 2 divisions correspond to 60 kg